The paradoxical majority
Although farmers vote at least as much, if not more than industrial workers or the urban middle classes, elections are not fought around farmers’ issues, observe Avik Saha and Yogendra Yadav
2 Jan 2018 1:14 PM GMT
Elections are about numbers and consequently, democratic politics is about stitching together a majority. So, the larger a group, the bigger is its "vote bank", and the greater is its electoral clout. A social group that constitutes a majority can, therefore, dictate its terms in an electoral democracy. Or so they say, and so they teach in democratic theory. If we go by this orthodoxy, farmers should have an unmatched electoral clout in India. After all, they constitute a clear majority. Census tells us that farmers (including agriculture labour) are about 54 per cent of our workforce. In the last parliamentary election, 542 million of the 834 million voters were rural voters—farmers and those dependent on the agrarian economy. All available evidence indicates that they vote at least as much, if not more, than other classes, such as industrial workers or urban middle classes.
Yet we know that they do not matter. Elections are not fought around farmers' issues. Party manifestos make a fleeting, often rhetorical, reference to the farmers. Once elected, parties conveniently forget their promises. Democratically-elected governments do not bother about farmers. The Union government in the 2017-18 budget allocated just 11 per cent of its expenditure to the entire rural sector, including the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act or MGNREGA, rural housing, crop insurance, irrigation, roads, fertilisers and all. Speak to ordinary farmers and they hardly sound like sovereign voters. Farmers are nobodies, resigned to being used and thrown. Here is a majority that is routinely excluded, if not trampled upon.
What explains this paradox? First, there is a problem of awareness among the farmers. They face distress but often blame themselves, nature or their fate for this condition. It takes a lot for a farmer to connect his condition to state governance and to think that it can be redressed by policy intervention. While there is a desire for change in their own lot, it is often not directed towards the government.
The second problem is an aggregation of individual desires into a collective demand. Farmers have historically remained divided along multiple layers—class divisions between land-owning and peasant-proprietor, sharecropper and farm labour—and political divisions across states and parties have fragmented the voice of farmers and further hampered collective action.
The third, and perhaps, the biggest problem is the articulation of farmers' demands in the public sphere. The nature of modern mass media in India is such that it masks the farmers' issue, along with many other issues that do not connect to its principal consumers, the urban middle classes. The indifference of the dominant English media takes the form of downscaling and masking farmer-related issues. The bigger but subservient media in the Indian languages end up localising the farmers' news. The combined effect is catastrophic: informed urban Indians did not know about the severe drought that devastated the country in 2015 till a cricket match was stopped due to the shortage of water!
Fourth, the character of farmers' organisations has prevented an effective advocacy of the farmers' cause. Farmer organisations have tended to be episodic, person-centred, short-lived, localised, and low on policy content. Unlike trade unions, national level coordinated action by farmer organisations is almost unheard of. This markedly hampers their capacity to drive a good bargain.
Finally, the functioning of our political system frustrates any effective pro-farmer action. In a democracy centred only around elections, there are very few instruments for holding the government accountable in-between elections, or for scrutinising electoral promises and their implementation. The lack of inner-party democracy makes it very hard for farmer organisations attached to parties and also unattached movement groups to pressurise the party leadership and hold it accountable. The poor quality of parliamentary debates also allows the government of the day to escape serious scrutiny. This vacuum in democratic governance is exploited by vested interests. As a result, there is a lot of political rhetoric about farmers, but very little political will to rescue them from the deep crisis.
(The authors are founding members of Swaraj Abhiyan. The views expressed are strictly personal.)
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