One year of school ups kids' IQ
Researchers have found that an additional year of education is correlated with an average increase of 3.394 IQ points, and the results are long lasting.
A year of schooling leaves students with new knowledge, and it also equates with a small but noticeable increase to students' IQ, a study has found.
Scientists have long shown that years of education and intelligence are correlated but it has been unclear whether this is because education boosts intelligence or because individuals who start off with higher IQ scores are likely to stay in school for longer.
"Our analyses provide the strongest evidence yet that education raises intelligence test scores," said Stuart J Ritchie of the University of Edinburgh in the UK.
"We looked at 42 datasets using several different research designs and found that, overall, adding an extra year of schooling in this way improved people's IQ scores by between 1 and 5 points," said Ritchie.
The researchers looked at three particular types of quasi-experimental studies from a variety of sources, including published articles, books, preprint articles, working papers, dissertations, and theses.
The first type of study includes data collected from individuals over time, including intelligence measurements obtained before and after individuals complete their education.
This allows researchers to adjust for participants' prior intelligence level when examining the association between years of school and later intelligence.
The second type of study takes advantage of "natural experiments" in the form of policy changes that result in individuals staying in school for different lengths of time.
In one study, for example, researchers examined data from the 1960s when Norway gradually enacted a new policy that increased the basic education requirement by 2 years, testing whether IQ scores were higher for students who'd been given more compulsory schooling.
In the third study type, researchers use school-admission age cutoffs to compare children who are similar in age but who have different levels of schooling due to their specific birth dates.
To be included in the meta-analysis, each data set had to provide cognitive scores obtained from objective measurement with participants who were 6 or older and cognitively healthy. This yielded 42 data sets from 28 studies collected from a total of 615,812 individuals.
In each of the three types of studies, researchers found that an additional year of education was associated with an increase in IQ that ranged from 1.197 IQ points to 5.229 IQ points.
In combination, the studies indicated that an additional year of education correlated with an average increase of 3.394 IQ points.
"The most surprising thing was how long-lasting the effects seemed to be, appearing even for people who completed intelligence tests in their 70s and 80s," Ritchie said.
"Something about that educational boost seemed to be beneficial right across the lifespan," he said.
The researchers note that each type of study has strengths and weaknesses, and the findings raise several new questions that future research will have to address.
"A crucial next step will be to uncover the mechanisms of these educational effects on intelligence in order to inform educational policy and practice," they said.
