'Education, skills determine quality of life in older age'

The study, published in the Journal of Vocational Behaviour, involved interviewing around 50 retirees from a range of different professions and educational backgrounds.

It was found that pathways to retirement and experiences of retirement differed greatly according to profession, gender, class and education.The researchers from the University of Birmingham in the UK identified six groups of workers including the professionals, delayed professionals, those who had disjointed careers, mid-career transformation, administrative careers and semi-skilled careers.

Experiences of retirement differed greatly according to which group workers fell into. For example, it was found the professionals were more likely to continue working in a part-time capacity (though not for financial gain), while those who had disjointed careers were more likely to continue to work in some capacity, such as in self- employment with retirement not an option to them.

Meanwhile, those who had administrative careers retired from paid employment but were more likely to stay busy with activities such as helping family and doing volunteering.

The study showed the importance of external factors throughout working life, such as employment, family caring history, social networks and cultural capital (including education) and physical and mental health in younger and middle ages.

The research also identified a link between gender and class. For example, men and women with similar career histories shared similar retirement expectations and experiences.

"All of these factors are interlinked, so financial resources can give individuals greater access to social and cultural resources and help maintain physical health," said Joanne Duberley, from the University of Birmingham.

"While education shapes careers and helps people to amass financial capital. As such these interlinkages can mean that inequalities in the initial distribution of resources are reinforced, facilitating those in a privileged position and constrain those who are disadvantaged," Duberley said.

The researchers identified a range of differing perspectives and feelings about retirement within each group. For example, those who had long professional careers were more likely to be optimistic and contented in retirement.The study found those who followed disjointed career paths with periods in and out of work and in different types of employment.