The fourth Conference of Parties (COP4) in Buenos Aires (1998) ended with modest achievements and persistent friction between developed and developing...

The historic 1997 Kyoto Protocol marked a pivotal moment in international climate policy, setting binding targets for industrialised nations and...

The Second Conference of Parties (COP2) in Geneva, 1996, aimed to reduce emissions and set up Ad Hoc Group on the Berlin Mandate alongside...

While the inaugural COP1 in 1995 marked a promising start with the establishment of the ‘Berlin Mandate’, persistent disparities among nations...

Through a close inspection of Conference of Parties, this new series of articles aims to trace the evolution of global climate change action over the...

Although the 12th Ministerial Conference made crucial decisions in the realm of e-commerce, fisheries subsidies, TRIPS waiver, food security and WTO...

The trail of failures continued at the 11th Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires — leading to a shift towards regional and bilateral agreements, and...

Although the Nairobi Ministerial Conference was considered successful with a consensual ministerial declaration, developed nations made minimal...

Coming on the back of an unsatisfactory eighth Ministerial Conference, the Bali Declaration, focusing on Trade Facilitation, rebooted the WTO but...

Held against a low bar of expectations, the eighth Ministerial Conference (MC) of the WTO in Geneva concluded with minimal progress on key issues,...

The 7th Ministerial Conference at Geneva, which happened after a four-year hiatus, was devoid of goals and text-based talks and aimed for open...

As an improvement over dismal accomplishments at Cancun, the Hong Kong Ministerial Conference managed to forge a modest consensus and achieved limited...