With climate-related challenges mounting to still greater heights, both COP12 and COP/MOP2 continued the work on Kyoto Protocol issues but lacked...

The Eleventh Conference of Parties at Montreal in 2005 came to be dubbed as ‘highly productive’ but raging climate events laid bare the necessity for...

COP10, held at Buenos Aires in 2004, ratified the Kyoto Protocol — putting a meaningful end to the processes started at COP3 — and advanced...

COP9 achieved limited success by initiating the CDM and pledging financial aid to developing nations, but the operationalisation of the Kyoto Protocol...

Despite the continuance of disparities between developed and developing countries in terms of implementing the Kyoto Protocol, COP8 achieved success...

COP7’s remarkable success in bridging divides and securing unanimous support for the Kyoto Protocol was a crucial victory in climate negotiations, as...

Held in two stints, first at the Hague (2000) and then Bonn (2001), COP-6 made a remarkable turnaround—addressing key issues needed to get the Kyoto...

During COP-5 in Bonn (1999), the focus was on preparing for future conferences and operationalising the Kyoto Protocol, with discussions revolving...

The fourth Conference of Parties (COP4) in Buenos Aires (1998) ended with modest achievements and persistent friction between developed and developing...

The historic 1997 Kyoto Protocol marked a pivotal moment in international climate policy, setting binding targets for industrialised nations and...

The Second Conference of Parties (COP2) in Geneva, 1996, aimed to reduce emissions and set up Ad Hoc Group on the Berlin Mandate alongside...

While the inaugural COP1 in 1995 marked a promising start with the establishment of the ‘Berlin Mandate’, persistent disparities among nations...