Indian scientists identify significantly more effective treatment for severe scrub typhus

New Delhi: A team of Indian scientists has identified a significantly more effective treatment for severe scrub typhus a life-threatening bacterial infection that kills thousands of people every year.

The study, published in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), shows that treating patients with a combination of intravenous antibiotics doxycycline and azithromycin is more effective than the current monotherapy of using either drug alone.

Using data from the Intravenous Treatment for Scrub Typhus (INTREST) clinical trial, researchers from several Indian institutes compared the efficacy and safety of three 7-day intravenous antibiotic treatments (doxycycline, azithromycin, or a combination of both) in patients with severe scrub typhus.

They found that combination therapy was superior to therapy with intravenous doxycycline or azithromycin alone. Patients who were treated with combination antibiotics had fewer complications from the infection on day 7.

The poor outcome, defined as a composite of death, persistent complications or prolonged fever was reduced by nearly one-third, to 33 per cent for combination therapy versus 47 per cent for doxycycline and 48 per cent for azithromycin, according to the researchers.

INTREST is the largest ever randomised controlled trial on the treatment of scrub typhus, and the only one on the treatment of severe scrub typhus.

“Combination therapy with intravenous doxycycline and azithromycin is a better, more effective way to treat severe scrub typhus than monotherapies of either drug by itself,” said INTREST study lead author Professor George M Varghese, from Christian Medical College (CMC) in Vellore, Tamil Nadu.

“This new evidence will change treatment guidelines, leading to swifter recovery and potentially saving thousands of lives of people with scrub typhus in the future,” Varghese said in a statement.

A life-threatening infection caused by the bacteria Orientia tsutsugamushi, scrub typhus is transmitted to humans by bites from tiny infected mites.

Scrub typhus is a major public health threat in India, other South Asian countries and around the tropics and kills an estimated 10 per cent of the approximately one million people infected by it every year.

Scrub typhus typically presents as fever that may be associated with headache, cough, shortness of breath, and brain symptoms, like confusion and disorientation.

One-third of patients develop severe disease that affects multiple organs in the body and leads to lethally low blood pressures.